melanotic mucosa “Melanosis” in the small and large intestine Melanosis coli is dark brown-black

The pro-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages from diabetic foot ulcer patients is primarily caused by increased binding of accumulated phenylpyruvic acid to PPT1, which inhibits depalmitoylation activity and promotes NLRP3 palmitoylation and stability, which in turn activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and releases inflammatory factors (77)

Clinical trials have consistently demonstrated that this restoration leads to a dramatic, measurable reduction in specific biomarkers of systemic oxidative damage, such as TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and F2-isoprostanes, which are direct indicators of lipid membrane destruction

target blood level 30100 ng/mL

For tissue clearing, the sectioned small intestine was incubated in 4% PFA at 4 C with shaking overnight and washed twice with 1 PBS for ~ 2 h at room temperature