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Since other reviews of cigarette butt levels have not compiled as many records as ours, future global reviews should consider extracting data from figures and approaching cigarette butt density indirectly to privde a more comprehensive overview

Quality air purifiers integrate both technologies in multi-stage filtration systems, often adding pre-filters to capture larger particles and extend primary filter lifespan

Even low-tar or light cigarettes are not entirely safe, as they still expose smokers to harmful substances

Therefore, despite methodological heterogeneity, the retained dataset reflects consistent criteria that enable meaningful global comparisons of cigarette butt contamination