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Emphysema: Cigarettes cause shortness of breath

SECONDHAND VAPEAND OTHER EXPOSURE RISKS Cigarette smoking has been banned in many public places, in view of a large body of scientific evidence about the harmful effects of secondhand smoke

However, they are also more sensitive, losing power quickly in extreme cold

While we were therefore required to estimate the risks of developing cancer at lower levels of consumption (just ten cigarettes per week) using logarithmic transformation, we believe this is justified as exposure to any level of carcinogens within cigarette smoke is likely to cause harm, and there is no reason to suppose there is a threshold at which this risk would begin [48]