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Costs vary due to federal excise duties, provincial tobacco taxes, and retail markups

According to the World Health Organization, tobacco kills more than 8 million people per year, including an estimated 1.3 million nonsmokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke

However, it is unclear whether existing lung cancer prediction models developed for Western populations are directly applicable to Asia due to cultural and socioeconomic differences, including varying healthcare systems, smoking habits, environmental exposures, and genetic factors [48, 49]

Elevated TSH has been linked to hypothyroidism and the development of Hashimotos autoimmune disease