AHK-Cu (alanyl-histidyl-lysine-copper) has a slightly different amino acid chain but similar biological activity
However, high dose oral vitamin B12 therapy can also be effective, provided that the dose is sufficient, medication adherence is good, and a response is documented
Its believed to promote musculoskeletal repair by upregulating growth factors, stimulating the formation of new blood vessels, or modulating nitric oxide synthesis, but no mechanism of action has been proven.34 TB4, however, has known mechanisms by which it speeds recovery from injury: inhibiting inflammation, preventing cell death, and (as suspected with BPC) promoting blood vessel formation.35 On top of the benefits for physical recovery, the ability to form new blood vessels points to promising implications for cardiovascular health
Instead, they compete for binding sites, potentially reducing the effectiveness of both