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although it inhibits oxidative stress in the cellular antioxidant system, it serves as a substrate for ROS production by NADPH oxidases (NOx), exacerbating oxidative damage (Liu et al., 2021)
The mitochondrial protective actions of Elamipretide arise from its interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid predominantly localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane
These lifestyle factors can make it difficult to maintain balanced nutrition and consistent health habits
Unlike M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages metabolize arginine using the arginase pathway, which is stimulated by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-, and other factors such as GM-CSF, PGE-2, cAMP, and catecholamines (Mart i Lndez and Reith, 2021)
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