Its stability in gastric environments and compatibility with diverse lab models (in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo) make it an indispensable research tool for exploring multi-tissue repair and vascular health mechanisms
They offer a minimally invasive alternative or complement to more intensive interventions like bariatric surgery, which involves significant risk and recovery time
Notably, this anti-inflammatory effect extends to non-allergic models as well, where GLP-1 receptor activation reduces levels of IL-6, TNF-, IL-1, and CXCL2, while increasing markers such as IL-10 and arginase-1 [66, 71, 109,110,111]
This includes individuals with pernicious anemia, who need lifelong injections due to impaired absorption