Hydration status significantly affects periorbital appearance with dehydration exaggerating dark circles through increased blood viscosity pooling more visibly, skin dullness from reduced cellular hydration making circles more prominent, and impaired lymphatic function allowing fluid retention despite overall dehydration
Vignola, A.M., Campbell, A.M., Chanez, P., Bousquet, J., Lacoste, P.P., Michel, F.B., Godard, P.H., HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expression on bronchial epithelial cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis, Am
It is more potent and less irritating than some older ingredients to address hyperpigmentation. After years of clinical trials, the Einzigers bottled malassezin
However, no formal research examines this specific application