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PLoS ONE 9(11):e112207 Qin Q et al (2012) Astragalus membranaceus inhibits inflammation via phospho-P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-B pathways in advanced glycation end product-stimulated macrophages
doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12213
Because it helps the liver with its toxin removal function, the liver will have its fill of glutathione first before glutathione is used by the body as hyperpigmentation treatment