I-FAPB is a protein present in differentiated enterocytes, and damage to the epithelial layer results in this protein being released from cells hence, it is considered an indicator of epithelial damage [74]
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Beyond cancer, PRODH dysfunction is also linked to neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases, including schizophrenia 65,66 , and hyperprolinemia type I 67 , reflecting its broader role in regulating mitochondrial redox balance and prolineglutamate neurotransmitter metabolism
Beyond heavy metals, glutathione conjugates with numerous other toxins including pharmaceutical metabolites, particularly acetaminophen, environmental pollutants such as benzene and volatile organic compounds, pesticide residues, and alcohol metabolites that would otherwise damage cellular structures