oral glutathione skin whitening clinical trial as a skin‐lightening agent and in melasma: a systematic review - Sarkar - 2025 - International Journal of Dermatology Thiocell Glutathione Complex Dietary Supplement

However, when the researchers adjusted for other things , including siblings with autism, the increased risk was no longer statistically significant .[ref][ref] (Note that other researchers point out bias in that paper.[ref]) Another large study published in 2021 involving 73,000 children and mothers found that there was a 19% increase in relative risk of ASD with prenatal acetaminophen exposure.[ref] A 2025 meta-analysis of studies on acetaminophen use during pregnancy and infancy shows that the majority of studies and the higher-quality studies show a positive association between acetaminophen use and ADHD, ASD, or neurodevelopmental disorders.[ref] A couple of things to consider here

The decrease in intracellular glutathione level removes the negative feedback on -glutamyl cysteine synthetase and increases the production of -glutamyl cysteine

The peptide also appears to influence neurotransmitter systems, particularly the dopaminergic and GABAergic pathways, which may contribute to its observed effects on neurological function and behavior

A PubMed study found that microneedle pretreatment substantially improved GHK-Cu skin penetration compared with intact skin