doi: 10.1038/228620a0 28 QianB-ZPollardJW
The findings indicate that microbial metabolite 4-ethylphenyl sulfate (4EPS) enters the brain and is associated with changes in region-specific activity and functional connectivity, including altered oligodendrocyte function, impaired oligodendrocyte maturation, and decreased oligodendrocyte-neuron interactions (Needham et al., 2022)
This cell danger response is an evolutionary adaptation enabled to protect the cells and host from harm (414416)
HIF-1 orchestrates this adaptation under low oxygen tension, transcriptionally activating glycolysis-associated genes such as glucose transporters (GLUT1/3), glycolytic enzymes (HK1/2, ENO1, PGK1, PKM2), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), thereby shifting energy production from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (9496)