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FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 2.1 Caffeine in alcoholic liver disease Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) occurs as a result of the interaction of many factors, including oxidative stress, intestinal endotoxin, inflammatory mediators, and nutritional imbalance, which are directly or indirectly induced by the metabolism of ethanol and its derivatives ( in vitro culture model of primary rat HSCs induced by acetaldehyde, it was confirmed that caffeine inhibits acetaldehyde-induced activation and proliferation of HSCs through the A2AR-mediated cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway ( in vivo and in vitro , all support the conclusion that caffeine alleviates ALD (Figure 2)

Given the enormous increase of digestive issues and daily stressors ( e.g

These outcomes exhibited that Rhodiola extract has the potential to enhance serotonergic signaling pathways and promote neurogenesis, thereby contributing to the reparative processes within the hippocampus in models of depression (61)

Kasahara, K