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TMAO and Cardiovascular Risk Important Concern: Koeth et al

(2022, June 17)

In addition, reactive astrocytes secrete molecules attracting immune cells to the injured region as well as anti- and pro-inflammatory factors regulating neuroinflammation evoked by bacterial invasion

Abbreviations RA: Rheumatoid arthritis MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ROS: Reactive oxygen species Dexa: Dexamethasone GC: Glucocorticoids CFU: Colony-forming unit CFA: Complete Freunds adjuvant NC: Normal control AC: Arthritic control PBT: Probiotics BS-PT: Bacillus subtilis Pre-treatment BS-CT: Bacillus subtilis Concurrent treatment IL: Interleukin TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor alpha N/S: Normal saline Nrf-2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ABC: Avidin-biotinperoxidase complex DAB: 3,3-Diaminobenzidine H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide GSH: Reduced glutathione GST: Glutathione S-transferase CAT: Catalase MDA: Malonaldehyde NO: Nitric oxide RBC: Red blood cells WBC: White blood cells Hb: Hemoglobin Hct: Hematocrit ALT: Alanine transaminase AST: Aspartate aminotransferase ALP: Alkaline phosphatase H & E: Hematoxylin and eosin HI: Heme-agglutination inhibition anti-NDV: Anti-Newcastle disease vaccine MDA: Malonaldehyde NO: Nitric oxide IHC: Immunohistochemistry References Abdel-Moneim A-ME, Selim DA, Basuony HA, Sabic EM, Saleh AA, Ebeid TA (2020) Effect of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis spores on growth performance, oxidative status, and digestive enzyme activities in Japanese quail birds