PD-1 on the surface of immune cells binds to PD-L1 in tumor cells, leading to tumor immune evasion (Chen et al., 2023b)
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Activated liver cells release damage-associated molecular patterns, which, in conjunction with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver immune cells, particularly Kupffer cells, exacerbate liver inflammation and fibrosis (Guan et al., 2022)
