2) Mitochondrial outer membrane crumpled or ruptured, mitochondrial crest reduced or absent, and mitochondria smaller
Weight of evidence: Overall evidence is Low-Moderate: multiple animal studies and a growing number of small clinical trials suggest benefits across gutbrain signaling, social and behavioral domains, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurophysiological patterns, yet most human studies rely on caregiver-reported outcomes, lack biomarker integration, and seldom control for diet, comorbidities, or baseline microbiome composition
Research in both animal and translational human models has explored intranasal oxytocin administration and its effects on amygdala reactivity, stress response, and prosocial behavior
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