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Researchers believe B12 deficiency in people is linked to fatigue symptoms such as tiredness, weakness and lack of energy

Abbreviations AD: Alzheimers disease ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase A: Amyloid beta peptide A (140) : Amyloid beta peptide comprising amino acids 1 to 40 A (142) : Amyloid beta peptide comprising amino acids 1 to 42 BBB: Bloodbrain barrier BACE-1: Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 BBR: Berberine BBR-NP: Berberine nanoparticle BBR-NLC: Berberine nanostructured lipid carrier BBR-CTS-NLC: Berberinechitosan nanostructured lipid carrier BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs: Berberinepoly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/tet-1 peptide nanoparticles BCS: Biopharmaceutical classification system CAT: Catalase ChE: Cholinesterase CNS: Central nervous system COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein CUR: Curcumin DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid GIT: Gastrointestinal tract GSH: Glutathione HD: Huntingtons disease IL-1: Interleukin-1 beta IL-6: Interleukin-6 IL-10: Interleukin-10 LPS: Lipopolysaccharide MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase Mfn1/Mfn2: mitofusin 1 / mitofusin 2 MPTP: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine MWM: Morris water maze ND: Neurodegenerative disease NDs: Neurodegenerative diseases NDDS: Novel drug delivery system NE: Nanoemulsion NFT: Neurofibrillary tangle NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NO: Nitric oxide NOS: Nitric oxide synthase NLC: Nanostructured lipid carrier Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 OPA1: Optic atrophy protein 1 PD: Parkinsons disease Pg-P: P-Glycoprotein PI3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PNS: Peripheral nervous system RNA: Ribonucleic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species SLN: Solid lipid nanoparticle SNEDDS: Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system SOD: Superoxide dismutase STZ: Streptozotocin TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TDP-43: Tar DNA-binding protein 43 Tet-1: Targeting peptide tet-1 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TRANS: Transfersome TPGS: D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate Y-Maze: Y-maze test (behavioral assessment) References Islam MR, Rauf A, Rahaman MS, Al-Imran MIK, Fakir MNH, Akter S et al (2025) Clinical and mechanistic exploration of ellagic acid in neurodegenerative diseases: targeted neuroprotection through cellular and molecular mechanisms

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Studies on stroke models in rats showed that intranasal DSIP administration led to accelerated recovery of motor functions, though brain infarction size was not significantly different from controls