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Hepatic effects that are considered adverse include death, abnormal clinical chemistry parameters, obvious functional organ impairment, DNA and mitochondrial alteration, glutathione depletion, hepatocyte necrosis, enhanced replicative DNA synthesis, generation of reactive oxygen species, and increased peroxisome proliferation (in rodents) (Williams and Iatropoulos 2002)

In addition, pharmacological blockade of intracellular signals in both mouse and baboon cultures revealed that insulin requires different pathways from IGF-1 to exert a maximal inhibitory effect on GH expression/release [5]

Passioura, T

These models highlight the ovotoxic effects of environmental contaminants through oxidative pathways, providing frameworks for evaluating environmental risks and protective strategies ( A summary of the main animal models used to study ovarian oxidative stress and their key characteristics is presented in Table 1, providing an integrated overview of experimental strategies and their relevance in mimicking human reproductive pathologies