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Other malabsorption causes include: Atrophic gastritis and reduced gastric acid production (common in older adults) Gastrointestinal surgery, particularly gastrectomy, ileal resection, or bariatric surgery (especially gastric bypass) Inflammatory bowel disease affecting the terminal ileum (Crohn's disease) Coeliac disease and other small bowel disorders Chronic pancreatitis affecting enzyme secretion Helicobacter pylori infection (may contribute to reduced absorption) Medication-related deficiency is increasingly recognised

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Unlike complete growth hormone, it doesnt raise IGF-1 levels or impact blood sugar control

Do oral B12 supplements work as quickly as injections