High concentrations of 4HNE have been associated with different processes such as apoptosis, cell differentiation, altered gene expression and with several diseases correlated to redox imbalance such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and cancer 15
Consequently, potential users should exercise caution and consult healthcare professionals regarding its use, especially because of cancer risks associated with its angiogenic effects 4
In CFS/ME, disruptions in this axis are believed to play a central role in the manifestation of fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and mood disturbances (Knig et al., 2021)
[7] PharmaCotherapia d.o.o., Phase I, Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers, to Assess the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of PCO-02, Which Active Ingredient is BPC-157, a Penta-deca-peptide From Gastric Source., clinicaltrials.gov, Clinical trial registration NCT02637284, Dec