Additionally, melatonin may activate AMPK/SERCA2a to inhibit Ca 2+ overload and thus decrease calcium-dependent xanthine oxidase and ROS levels, ultimately resulting in dephosphorylation at Ser616 inhibiting migration on the surface of mitochondria and ultimately inhibiting mitochondrial fission in LPS-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury ( 3.3 Melatonin regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress through autophagy As a highly conserved mechanism, autophagy degrades misfolding proteins or damaged organelles, to fulfill the recycling of amino acids and lipids (Xu et al., 2023
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29695 468 EkawardhaniSBerbudiA
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[53] studied the potential role of inflammatory, metabolic, liver damage, and iron metabolism mediators on the inverse association between HCC risk and coffee consumption, as suggested by the reduction in IL-6 levels, a biomarker of inflammation and innate immunity, together with reduced hepatocellular and cholestatic damage biomarkers, i.e., GLDH (glutamate dehydrogenase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (-glutamyl transferase), and bilirubin
