The long-term intake of red meat significantly increases the levels of the carnitine metabolites trimethylamine (TMA) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), leading to endothelial dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular events [241]
Rather than overriding pain signals, this model works to identify and address the root causes of chronic pain such as chronic inflammation, tissue injury, biomechanical imbalance, nutrient depletion, metabolic dysfunction, gut-immune disruption, or nervous system sensitization
Other adjustment methods less affected by inter-individual variability introduced by muscle mass, diet, health and physical activity, like specific gravity or osmolality, are preferred to adjust for urinary dilutions in observational studies targeting a population
Eur Respir J 1995;8:48391