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This alteration suppressed GATA3 expression via the bile acid-Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5)-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, leading to a marked ~90% reduction in IL-22 secretion from intestinal group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), which subsequently induced insulin resistance, ovarian dysfunction (characterized by increased follicular cysts and decreased corpora lutea), and impaired fertility ( 5.3 Tryptophan metabolites Tryptophan metabolites are generated either through direct decomposition of tryptophan by gut microbiota (e.g., Clostridium, Escherichia coli ) into indole derivatives (such as IPA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) or via host-cell-mediated processes (e.g., indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1)-catalyzed kynurenine production, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis by enterochromaffin cells) in coordination with microbial metabolism