Considering the antioxidant effects of regular physical activity (PGC-1, PPAR) and creatine (maintaining mitochondrial integrity, acting as a cellular energy buffer, reducing extracellular H 2 O 2 levels, cell membrane stabilization and improvement of cellular energy capacity), it seems that the combined effect of physical activity and creatine consumption can reduce oxidative stress, but further research is needed to conclude more accurately about the intensity of long-term resistance and endurance training with creatine supplementation and the short-term effects of creatine consumption and physical activity on oxidative stress
Additionally, SIRT3 deacetylates ceramide synthases, promoting ceramide accumulation and inhibiting complex III activity 184
Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparisons test ( b , d , e ), two-way ANOVA followed by Dunnetts multiple comparisons test ( c , h ), or unpaired two-tailed Students t test ( g , i , j )
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