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Levodopa (L-Dopa), in StatPearls , (Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing)

Nature 405:903904 Ekinci Akdemir FN, Gulcin , Alwasel S (2016a) A Comparative study on the antioxidant effects of hesperidin and ellagic acid against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury

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Key actions include: Activation of the folate-polyamine-AICAR pathway, triggering AMPK signaling independently of cellular energy depletion Enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via GLUT4 translocation, resembling insulin-responsive metabolic pathways Interaction with nuclear transcription factors to support antioxidant defense and control of inflammatory pathways Through these mechanisms, MOTS-c functions as a mitochondria-to-nucleus messenger, facilitating cellular adaptation to energy demands and oxidative stress