In a recent study of racial and ethnic differences in the trajectories of Medicare expenditures, researchers found that nonHispanic Black individuals with dementia had the highest Medicare expenditures overall and highest expenditures in the last year of life ($51,294 in 2016 dollars for nonHispanic Black, $47,469 for Hispanic, and $39,499 for White Medicare beneficiaries [$64,088, $59,309, and $49,351 in 2025 dollars, respectively])
Pharmaceutics 20 , 545560 (2023)
Additionally, an imbalance in intestinal flora also interferes with the metabolism of key nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, thereby influencing kidney health [91, 92]
The level of intra-ovarian ROS has been confirmed to be positively correlated with female age, which also makes the female germline particularly vulnerable to the cumulative effects of chronic oxidative stress (Lim and Luderer, 2011