glutathione is an important peptide antioxidant Glutathione: Master Guide Glutathione, the so-called “mother of

Clinical trials examining GHK-Cu effects on facial hyperpigmentation have reported variable results, with some studies documenting 15-30% reductions in melanin index measurements over 8-12 week treatment periods, while others report minimal pigment-lightening effects

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033944 Lederman RJ, Mendelsohn FO, Anderson RD, Saucedo JF, Tenaglia AN, Hermiller JB, Hillegass WB, Rocha-Singh K, Moon TE, Whitehouse MJ et al (2002) Therapeutic angiogenesis with recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 for intermittent claudication (the TRAFFIC study): a randomised trial

Reduced glutathione is the active form that directly neutralizes free radicals

Keratolytics are ingredients that loosen the 'glue' holding dead cells together