As one of the basic structural substances constituting the immune system, amino acids contribute to the development of immune organs, the proliferation and differentiation of immune cells, and the secretion of cytokines, all of which regulate the immune response ( Serine, including D-serine and L-serine, is known as non-essential amino acid (NEAA), which is synthesized in the body from glycine and 3-phosphoglyceric acid (Wolosker, 2018)
Pharmacological insights into Ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera ): a review of its immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1587432 Received 05 March 2025 Accepted 17 September 2025 Published 23 October 2025 Volume 16 - 2025 Edited by Antonio Narzisi, Stella Maris Foundation (IRCCS), Italy Reviewed by Stefano Marini, Independent Researcher, Termoli, Italy Yitzchak Frank, Mount Sinai Hospital, United States Updates Copyright 2025 Wang and Sun
Beta-glucans stimulate immune cell receptors and help them recognise threats better